Level Measurement level sensor and level Transmitter

This post is the starting of a series of post which will give you detailed explanation about level measurement, its types, principles, etc. I have divided this section into a number of post so that it becomes easy for readers to understand and follow. To see all the post published related to level measurement i.e to view the whole topic in a single page click the label titled ' LEVEL'

Introduction:

Measurement of liquid level is important in a variety of industrial processes. The liquid level may be expressed in terms of the pressure column exerts over a datum level or in terms of the length of the liquid column.

Liquid level may be measured by two methods:

1. Direct method
2. Indirect method

In direct methods the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column is measured.

Indirect methods of liquid level measurements generally used in industries are:

1. Hydrostatic pressure type
2. Electrical methods.

Hydrostatic pressure type:

A liquid in a tank at rest exerts a force on the wall of the tank. This force in a liquid at rest is known as hydrostatic pressure. This is proportional to the depth (or height) of liquid in the tank. 

Hydrostatic pressure methods used for liquid level measurement are listed below:

1. Pressure gauge method
2. Air Bellows
3. Air Purge System (or) bubbler system
4. Liquid purge system
5. Diaphragm box type
6. Force balance type


Electrical Methods:

In electrical methods, liquid levels are converted into electrical signals and it can be measured by electrical or electronic means.

The types of electrical methods are:

1. Resistive (or) contact point type
2. Inductive method.
3. Capacitive method


The upcoming posts will cover the above mentioned types and methods in detail.

God bless us all.....:)

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PLC Simulation with software and Examples

PLC Simulation with software and Examples

Programmable Logic Controller Simulation Kit

What is the PSIM PLC Simulator.?

PSIM is actually three distinct programs combined into a single package. First, PSIM contains a PLC Ladder Logic editor that allows users to create and edit PLC programs using Allen Bradley PLC-2 family instructions. Secondly, PSIM emulates the scanning sequence of a PLC. When placed into the "RUN" mode, the users program is scanned and the appropriate I/O is updated just as would occur in an actual PLC. Thirdly, PSIM contains a number of animated simulations which respond accurately to the inputs, and outputs of the emulated PLC. A conveyor based filling line, Traffic intersection and Batch mixing simulations present life-like challenges for the student programmer.

Why this PLC Simulator is now available Free.?
PSIM was developed in 1993 when training for Allen Bradley PLC2 and PLC3 processors was at its peak. At the same time computers were showing up everywhere in Educational and Training facilities. What was needed, was a software based PLC training package that would run on these new computers and reduce if not eliminate the need for $25K-$50K PLC training stations. Also, if the software could also simulate some real-time industrial processes, so much the better. We developed PSIM to do just that! Since 1993, thousands of students in both schools and industry have used PSIM in their PLC programming courses and we now feel that PSIM has more than paid for itself. Even though PSIM is DOS based and emulates an older generation of PLCs, it still remains an excellent tool for introducing students to the fundamentals of PLC programming. As a programmer I'm pleased to make a few extra dollars, but as a teacher, I am even more pleased to see students enthusiastically hone their talents with a tool of my making. I am intent on not letting dollars dull this enthusiasm.

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS:
Industrial Applications Software (Simulations):
The PSIM software includes the following simulated processes:
(1) Automated filling system

• Operator Station Panel and controls
• Conveyor with position sensors (photo switch)
• Hopper with motorized chute control
• Product Level Sensor
• Conveyor Motor
• Visual PLC Data Table Display including timers and counters

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(2) Batch Mixing system Simulation

• Operator Control Panel
• 2 filler pumps and piping
• 2 flow meters on filler lines
• 1 mixing motor
• 1 high level sensor
• 1 low level sensor
• 1 gas fired heater (controlled valve)
• 1 temperature sensor
• 1 discharge pump
• 1 discharge flow meter
• 1 Visual PLC Data Table display including timers and counters

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(3) Intersection Traffic Light Control Simulation

• 2-way traffic lights system
• 2 Green Lights
• 2 Red Lights
• 2 Amber Lights
• Visual PLC Data Table Display including timers and counters
• 2 way traffic flow

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(4) Hardware Input and Output Simulator

• 4 toggle switches (SPST)
• 2 momentary normally open switches
• 2 momentary normally closed switches
• 8 controllable lights
• Visual PLC Data Table Display including timers and counters

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PLC Emulator Software
The PSIM software includes a full-featured built-in PLC Emulator package that runs concurrently on the same computer with the Industrial applications software (simulations) described above. With a single keystroke, the user may toggle back and forth between the display of the animated process simulation and the Ladder Rung Program Editor of the emulated PLC.
The Program Editor is both user friendly and full-featured. Students may add, delete and modify program-rungs, branches and instructions using simple menu selections.
To test the new or modified ladder program, a single keystroke toggles the student back to the Process Simulation screen and places the PLC in the 'Run' mode. The process simulation will then react accurately to the student's newly programmed rungs which are constantly being scanned in the background by the PLC run-time emulator.
By incorporating the Editor and run-time scanning of a PLC into software capable of running and interacting with the industrial process simulations, PSIM provides a single computer hi-tech solution to Programmable controller student training, whether running on the network of a computer Lab, or on the users own laptop computer. The PSIM system allows a simple low-cost solution to PLC training while attaining superior student concept retention.

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Minimum Hardware Requirements

• Most Computers capable of running "DOSBox" software
• 640 KB RAM
• EGA color display 

Download link

Download Plcsimulator

Download Link 2 

LogixPro v1.6.1_PLC Simulator_proffesional.rar

God bless us all.....:)

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Stock market free tips 100%

 Hello evryone ,
i have recently started trading in the stock market and have become highly successful in the stockmarkets here are some of the stocks you need to watch out for.
1) Voltas
2) Shree Renuka Sugars
3) Essar Oil
4) Network 18
All of these are midcaps and will give you good returns....
Wishing you a happy investment

My personal website

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Maintainence tips for windows XP

I wud like to say these tips are really working and u can tell me if even one of it is not working.

1. Defragment Your Hard Disk
Imagine you are in a shopping mall, and the person you are with wants to visit fifteen different shops. However, this person ends up walking you up and down the mall six times. Does that make sense? Of course not – as human beings, we like to do things in order to save time.
When your hard drive becomes fragmented, it is literally wasting time by looking in all kinds of places on the disk for all of the pieces of one file. Defragmenting your drive is a great solution to speed up your computer as it puts all the files together in order.
• Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmenter
• Click the drives you want to defrag and click Analyze
• Click Defragment
2. Defragment you Hard Disk on Boot
To make windows XP start more quickly, you can defragment your boot files. This will decrease the time it takes for your computer to boot.
Boot defragment should be enabled by default; however, it might not be enabled on your computer. To ensure that boot defragment is enabled:
• Hold the Windows Key and press R.
• Type in Regedit
• Go to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOptimizeFunction
• Ensure the Enable string value is set as Y
• Exit the Registry
• Reboot
3. Detect and Repair Disk Errors
Over time, your hard disk develops bad sectors. Bad sectors slow down hard disk performance and sometimes make data writing difficult or even impossible. To detect and repair disk errors, Windows has a built-in tool called the Error Checking utility. It’ll search the hard disk for bad sectors and system errors and repair them for faster performance.
• Follow Start > My Computer
• In My Computer right-click the hard disk you want to scan and click Properties
• Click the Tools tab
• Click Check Now
• Select the Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors check box
• Click Start
4. Use a Flash Memory to Boost Performance

" Contact me for free serials or crack"

Windows Vista comes with ReadyBoost; Windows XP does not have a tool like this – that’s why we’ll need eBoostr. eBoostr uses a USB thumb drive to create an extra cache of the most commonly used data.
Solid state memory (what your USB drive uses) has excellent transfer speeds; therefore, it can be used to store and access data that is needed quickly. Unlike RAM, the data is stored on your thumb drive and can be used next time you use your computer — a great time saver.
• Plug in a flash drive
• Windows XP will use eBoostr to utilize the flash memory to improve performance.
• Your drive will be configured and you are good to go. Don’t expect miracles – but stick with it and your computer will begin to perform more efficiently.
5. Optimize Your Pagefile.sys
The pagefile is used as another cache as well as RAM. The pagefile stores data on commonly used applications. If you have less than 512mb of ram, then your page file will be automatically configured. If you have more than 512mb of ram, please continue.
• Right click on My Computer and select Properties
• Select the Advanced tab
• Under Performance choose the Settings button
• Select the Advanced tab again and under Virtual Memory select Change
• Highlight the drive containing your page file and make the initial Size of the file the same as the Maximum Size of the file.
Windows XP sizes the page file to about 1.5X the amount of actual physical memory by default. While this is good for systems with smaller amounts of memory (under 512MB) it is unlikely that a typical XP desktop system will ever need 1.5 X 512MB or more of virtual memory – so change the ratio to 1:1 page file size to physical memory size.
6. Disable Indexing Services
Indexing Services is a little application that uses a lot of CPU. By indexing and updating lists of all the files on the computer, it helps you to do a search for something faster as it scans the index list. But if you know where your files are, you can disable this system service. It won’t do any harm to you machine, whether you search often or not very often.
• Go to Start
• Click Settings
• Click Control Panel
• Double-click Add/Remove Programs
• Click the Add/Remove Window Components
• Uncheck the Indexing services
• Click Next
7. Speedup Folder Browsing
You may have noticed that every time you open My Computer to browse folders that there is a little delay. Windows XP automatically searches for network files and printers every time you open Windows Explorer. To turn this off, do the following:
• Go to My Computer, click Tools > Folder Options…
• Click the View tab.
• Now find Automatically search for network folders and printers and uncheck the box.
• Press OK
• Problem solved!
8. Disable Performance Counters
Windows XP has a performance monitor utility which monitors several areas of your PC’s performance. These utilities take up system resources so disabling is a good idea.
• Download and install the Extensible Performance Counter List
• Then select each counter in turn in the ‘Extensible performance counters’ window and clear the ‘performance counters enabled’ checkbox at the bottom button below.
9. Optimize Display Settings
If you are happy to remove some of the flashy looks of Windows XP, do the following.
• Right click on the desktop and click Properties…
• Click on the Appearance tab.
• Click Effects
• Uncheck the following:
• Show shadows under menus.
• Show windows contents while dragging.
You may see other options you feel you can disable.
10. Remove Unused Fonts
Fonts, especially TrueType fonts, use quite a bit of system resources. For optimal performance, trim your fonts down to just those that you need to use on a daily basis and fonts that applications may require.
• Open Control Panel
• Open Fonts folder
• Move fonts you don’t need to a temporary directory (e.g. C:\OLDFONTS) just in case you need or want to bring a few of them back. The more fonts you uninstall, the more system resources you will gain.
God bless us all.....;-)

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when a girl..... ?

When a GIRL is quite,♥♥♥
Millions of thing is going in her mind.
When a GIRL is not arguing,♥♥♥
She is thinking deeply.
When a GIRL looks at u with eyes full of questions,♥♥♥
She is wondering how long you will be around.
When a GIRL answers “I’m fine” after a few seconds,♥♥♥
She is not at all fine.
When GIRL stares at you,♥♥♥
She is wondering why are u lying.
When a GIRL lays on your chest,
♥♥♥
She is wishing for you to be her’s forever.
Whe a GIRL calls you everyday,♥♥♥
She is seeking for your attention.
When a GIRL sms’s you evryday,♥♥♥
She wants you to reply at least once.
When a GIRL says “I LOVE YOU”,♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
She means it.
When a GIRL says that she can’t live without you,♥♥♥
She had made up her mind that you are her future.
When a GIRL says “I MISS YOU”,
No one in this world can miss you more than her….!!!♥♥♥♥♥♥
God bless us all….

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Control any device using SMS( Cell phone )

Before I begin with the project description I consider it pretty important that you get to know how de communication with the mobile phone is done. For this you should check out the following links first.
The first link is a link to the wikipedia site that helps you udnerstand the basics of the AT (Hayes) Command Set:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_command_set
The following link is a .pdf file that lists the AT commands that you need to send to the mobile phone through the serial interface. The AT commands are basically the same for most GSM modules/phones with slight variations.
http://ebookbrowse.com/s35i-c35i-m35i-atc-commandset-v01-pdf-d29637636
Finally I added this link that explains in detail how to send and receive SMS messages with the help of AT commands and how exactly those messages are encoded (PDU format):
http://www.dreamfabric.com/sms/

2. Description of the individual blocks

As mentioned above I have chosen the ATmega16A microcontroller. The program I have written takes up less then 8kB so an ATmega8A would be just as good. You can look for microcontrollers from other manufacturers as well. All this project needs is a standard IO port with 8 pins and an asynchronous serial interface (RX and TX pins). Also for ease of programming ISP capability would be good.
The ISP interface is a simple 6 pin (3×2) header connected to the corresponding pins of the microcontroller. I have designed mine to work with the AVRISP mkII that connects to the USB port of the PC. There are many different possibilities to make your own in-system-programmer but most of them are either designed for a parallel or serial port or require a programmed microcontroller. Also the AVRISP mkII is very easy to use with AVR Studio and not too expensive.

Since I use the data cable of the Siemens M55 to communicate with it and didn’t want to destroy it I had to translate my TTL level serial communication from the microcontroller to RS-232 levels. If you have a GSM module that works with TTL levels (or connect directly to the corresponding pins of the phone, that also operate at TTL levels) you don’t need a level converter and can connect the module directly to the RX and TX pins of the microcontroller. If you use a data-cable that operates at RS-232 levels (designed to communicate with PC) then you need a MAX232 or similar IC. The MAX232 is very easily implemented. It only needs some capacitors and you can connect the RX and TX pins of the TTL levels on one side and get RS-232 levels on the other. The following image should give you a better idea of what I am talking about if you didn’t use this IC before. The picture is from the MAX232 datasheet

The capacitors are of 1uF each.

I will describe the relay driving circuit for 1 relay. It is the same for the other 3 relays. The relays that I have used are latching type relays with 2 coils. Both coils can be sued to set or reset the relay. To keep the command simple I have used one IO pin to set and one IO pin to reset the relay, commanding the two coils individually. To be able to supply the necessary current for the relay to latch, I have used npn transistors with a current limiting resistor in the base of the transistor, that is connected to the microcontroller IO pin. Since I use 2 IO pins to command each relay and those lines are always at different logic values (either the set or the reset line are at +5V) I have mounted a bicolor led and a current limiting resistor between the two IO lines to visualize the position of the relays. For a better understanding of the relay driving circuit look at the schematic further down.
The power supply consists of a 7805 voltage regulator. It can be supplied by any DC voltage between 7 and 35V (35V is the absolute maximum rating. I wouldn’t go that high ). Along with the 7805 I have added some filtering capacitors at the input and output of the IC.
3. Electrical schematic
I have designed this project in EAGLE. Since the dimensions are not that big the light (free) version of EAGLE was all I needed.
Also worth mentioning is that I have connected one of the pins of the ADC to a 3 pin header along with VCC and GND to be able to add a temperature sensor to the project in case I decide to modify the project. If you don’t want this you can also leave the AREF and AVCC pins unconnected.

4. Board layout

I will only post the complete layout with both Top and Bottom sides. The EAGLE file is linked below.
The drill sizes are rounded to mm’s. So if you’re living in the stone age and don’t use the metric system you will probably have to modify them.
I have uploaded the schematic and the board layout to a free file hosting server but I don’t know how long it will stay up. If you want it and the link isn’t working just send me a mail. The folder also contains the component library. Link: http://www.mediafire.com/?h6taq8dk9g2xq
4. Software
The software was written in AVR Studio with the WinAVR plugin installed. I have written it in c programming language since assembly is just a pain in the a**. Basically what the microcontroller is doing is initializing the serial interface and then the phone. Initialization of the phone means inserting the pin number (I have put it to 1234 in the program), selecting the storage for SMS messages (it selects the phone memory and not the SIM memory) and inserting the SMS service centre address. The current address is for a Vodafone Romania prepaid SIM. These parameters are at the beginning of the program so you shouldn’t have a hard time changing them even if you have no clue of C programming. Below is the block diagram of the software. It is written in romanian but basically the idea is:
- you initialize the serial port, the phone and set the IO pins to output;
- you keep asking the phone if it has any unread messages (with the AT command “at+cmgl=0″)
- if so you check whether the message starts with a ‘R’ or a ‘r’. This is because the message to change the relay positions has to be “R xxxx” where x is either 1 or 0 according to what position the relay has to have. Also this allows us to ignore messages from other people.
- if the message starts accordingly you modify the relay positions so that they correspond to the SMS.

The code for the programming is uploaded on mediafire here is the link >>http://www.mediafire.com/?p6ed2aevw7c447h  just download it and burn it on the microcontroller using AVR studio 4 njoy…..

God bless us all..... :-)

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A sad love story.

India is a land of diverse cultures and customs…….
India is also the home of some of the most famous love stories in the world……Indian love stories reflect the societal norms and beliefs of the people of the land and reaffirm our faith in the power of love. A very famous Indian love story is that of Heer and Ranjha in the Punjab.
Heer Salati was the daughter of a very wealthy man in a village in Punjab. Ranjha was the native of another village (Takht Hazara) and he was the youngest son of an indulgent father. Because of his father’s indulgence, Ranjha did not have to work in the fields like his brothers, but played flute for the whole day and led a life of luxury…….He left his home after a quarrel with his brothers over farm land and came to Heer’s village……
Heer offered him a job as the caretaker of her father’s cattle and was enthralled by the way Ranjha played the flute…..:)
They fell in love with each other and met secretly for many years before Heer’s jealous uncle found out about them…… Heer was forced to marry another man named Saida Khera……. Heart broken, Ranjha left the village and wandered off to distant places……
After many trials and tribulations, the lovers were united but only in death, as Heer’s jealous uncle Kaido poisoned the food which the lovers were supposed to take on their wedding day…..A ver sad ending…..

” love is Indeed Blind “

God bless us all.....:)

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Why wear a helmet.

Filed under: Uncategorized by Gyani — Leave a comment

November 6, 2010

A request to each and everyone who is reading this please wear a helmet while driving atleast when you are on a highway…..please may his soul rest in peace amen…..God bless us all
U can follow me this will create an enthusiasm in me to write on some more topics......

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I hate you coz you love me.

It all started with my birthday and ended with u asking me for a promise a promise i never wanted to make.A promise so difficult to execute but finally on the eve of this Diwali i made ur wish come true…. I am happy that i was able to fulfill some1′s wish.

I was never this way nor i wanted to be wat i am now this is just not fare…..you hate me coz i love you….that’s strange.
I know, there might be some reason ….a reason so unexplained …so unanswered but not a problem i hav given u a reason….a reason to hate me….
I dunno how….why ….i made u cry…..

i am sorry i did not hurt you intentionally….i mean it…wen i say this

A poem for u ….
i am always inspired when i think of u
Always admired the things you do
i had planned to start a new world with you
And till the end it wud be the two of us
But is this wrong or right can we still hold on?
can we still be the reason for each others smile….
may i know who are u alone to decide what’s wrong or right….
but we have enuf time to decide…
Either we’ll go on and hold on each other tight or end up with this small fight.
U can follow me this will create an enthusiasm in me to write on some more topics......

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I see my idol in you chetan bhagat.

I Got My IDOL

I was in search of some1 whom I can call as a role model finally after months of search I came to conclusion  that “ The Chetan Bhagat” has everything that’s needed in a person who could be my  IDOL . Let me tell you some facts about him I mean something which every1 should know about his IDOL Chetan Bhagat was born on 22nd April 1974 in New Delhi, India. After finishing school at The Army Public School in New Delhi, he joined IIT Delhi. He completed a post graduation course from IIM Ahmedabad.

He worked as an investment banker and lived in Hong Kong for eleven years before moving to Mumbai. He is married to Anusha, whom he met at IIM. The couple have twins Ishaan and Shyam.

The beauty (Anusha) and the Geek (Chetan Bhagat)

U wud be wondering how could I call my IDOL a geek , I don’t mind calling my IDOL a geek coz he is a geek accepted and he has transformed himself from a geek to a personality to adapt the requirements of the present society in the above pic u can see how he looks like with those perfectly spherical glasses lol….he was a geek but its history the fact is he is now my IDOL he is not my IDOL coz he is very successful as an author I have been reading his columns in Times Of India which where so fantastic and finally I read wat he said at Symbiosis his thoughts wo so charismatic and so influencing that I am living life following his commands i.e. “Don’t be serious be sincere”

here are some of the links which u can read and i assure u wud njoy readin them …..and u will start following this Geek….;-)

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/How-to-deal-with-a-brat-like-Pakistan/articleshow/6212035.cms

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Lets-Play-Drug-Olympics/articleshow/6531744.cms

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Chetan-Bhagat-wont-be-an-idiot-again/articleshow/6467432.cms

See wat he said when his “Two States “was released while releasing  he said he is 90 percent entertainer and 10 percent reformer. His book – an autobiographical tale about an inter-caste love marriage – was launched by

// 

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Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor.

“But after seeing Shashi Tharoor taking time out to release my book and working so hard at the same time, I will become 20 per cent reformer and 80 per cent entertainer. If we could have 20 Shashi Tharoors in parliament, India would be a different country. He is the only minister who tweets and remains so closely connected to the country’s youth,” Bhagat said.

“Anyway, Bollywood, like writing, is always more fun than politics. I will stick to scripts, movies and newspaper columns for the time being,” he said with a laugh. However, Bhagat feels “he is already political in a way”.

“I tell 500 people how to do their job better everyday. People are inspired by me. Even if 10 people do it – that makes a difference and I succeed in my mission to change the system,” he said. Bhagat’s new book takes off on his own marriage to a Tamil Brahmin. ’2 States…’ is the story of my marriage and I have dedicated the book to my in-laws. I think this is the first time any Indian writer has dedicated a book to his in-laws,” he said.

“The book is funny and completely different from Five Point Someone, One Night@ the Call Centre and 3 Mistakes. I did not want to write about friends any more,” Bhagat said. 2 States… is about Krish and Ananya, who are from two different states of India. They are deeply in love and want to get married. But their parents do not agree. To convert the love story into a wedding, the couple have a tough fight ahead of them.

“Indian love marriages are not easy. It’s not just the boy and the girl who fall in love. Everyone – both their clans – have to fall in love. In the end, the boy and the girl start questioning whether there’s anything more left to it and even fight. But it’s important – at least for me – what parents think of your marriage,” Bhagat said.

“My wife read the book and loved the female lead, who is modern, liberated and educated. India is opening up and parents are learning to accept love marriages despite prejudices about caste,” the author explained. Bhagat has several offers from Bollywood for his new book. “It’s always easy to cast boy and girl in Bollywood than friends. The director has to look for the right people to gel as friends. But this story works,” Bhagat said.

Bhagat feels his best stories are “those drawn from his own life and experiences”. “The more personal the book, the more unusual and funny it becomes for me. People relate to it better because they know me – my wife, my twin boys and how I left my job as an investment banker to write,” Bhagat said.

As for the language – “seven editors worked on the book”. “I believe that the language should be colloquial – a popular fiction has to be a dialogue with the people on the streets,” he said. Bhagat is inspired by novelists George Orwell and Ayn Rand.

“I like Orwell’s social observations. After reading Ayn Rand, I felt capitalism was the best option in this work. But that was long ago,” Bhagat said. Publisher Rupa and Co is aiming to sell 10 lakh copies in 10 weeks.

“We have also kept the price unchanged since his first book in 2004. Its still Rs.95. The price of milk has gone up, but Chetan Bhagat’s books are still priced what it was five years ago,”….lolz

I will add some more unknown facts about him till then God bless us all ….;-)

U can follow me this will create an enthusiasm in me to write on some more topics......

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